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Arabic Bulgarian Chinese Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Malagasy Norwegian Persian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Thai Turkish Vietnamese

Definition and meaning of 变形

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Analogical dictionary




变形 (n.)

休假[Hyper.]


变形 (n.)









变形 (v.)


Wikipedia

变形

                   

變形》(德语Metamorphosen,另亦有譯作《蛻變》或《變容》)是德國作曲家理察·史特勞斯晚年所作,乃一首以23件弦樂器演奏之樂曲。此曲作於第二次世界大戰結束前數個月,在1946年1月首次演出。本曲是作曲家悼念戰時德國受到的巨大破壞而作——尤其是文化殿堂慕尼黑歌劇院歌德故居及德累斯頓皆受到戰火摧毀。

本曲的基本音樂動機乃取材自貝多芬的「英雄」交響曲中第二樂章(葬禮進行曲)。在結尾部份,可以在低音部聽到葬禮進行曲。而樂譜的結尾,作曲家亦註上「悼念」(In Memoriam)。音樂學者米高·甘乃廸(Michael Kennedy)在1999年出版,講述理察·史特勞斯傳奇的書籍中曾提及過[1],荷蘭作曲家費莫連覺得《變形》所隱含的真意,其實是理察·史特勞斯對希特勒納粹德國末落的一種悼念--縱然普遍較接受的解釋,是理察·史特勞斯對戰火令德國的文化和藝術受到重大摧毀而感到痛惜。

  樂曲結構

《變形》是理察·史特勞斯晚期的作品,全曲結構上展現出熟練的複性對位(complex counterpoint)技巧,可瞥見這位富創作性的作曲家對於傳統音樂理論的偏好。德語“Metamorphosen”一詞在音樂中有“主題與樂句的自由發展”之意,比一般變奏曲有更自由的變化及不受主題所約束。絃樂手既要有合奏時的織體厚度,同時亦要求每件樂器都保持獨奏的狀態,充分體現了作曲家對各樂器聲部特性的熟練掌握及運用。

全曲為自由的三段體,主題先由大提琴緩慢地引入,奠定了全曲沉重的悲哀基調。及後兩支中提琴奏出新的主題,而當中開頭由三個同音所組成的音樂動機,成為貫穿全曲的重心。再加上另外兩支中提琴獨奏的第三主題,全曲便在這三個主題中自由地發展、轉調及進行對位,並以灰暗的E小調達到頂點。

第二段由標記“稍微像流水似的”開始,中提琴以明朗的G大調奏出新的主題,它與第一段的音樂動機進行各種巧妙的對位組合,速度慢慢加快,並呈現熱烈的氣氛。當小提琴呈現的新動機加入以後,樂曲的速度再度加快,一直至標示為“激動地”的地方。高音域的旋律與和聲這刻也開始蓬勃起來。及後稍作平靜之後,各主題又依次呈現,把樂曲推到新的高潮。

最後一段裏,樂曲重新回到開頭的慢板,再次顯示細膩的“變形”和對位,小提琴的旋律把速度帶至更慢的極緩板,這時《英雄交響曲》的葬禮主題更加明確地呈現,將樂曲引入平靜的結尾。

  樂隊編制

  參考資料

  1. ^ Kennedy, M. (1999). Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma
   
               

 

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