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Definition and meaning of man

Definitions

man (n.)

1.a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babies

2.any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage

3.game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games"he taught me to set up the men on the chess board" "he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage"

4.all of the living human inhabitants of the earth"all the world loves a lover" "she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women"

5.an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)"there were two women and six men on the bus"

6.a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman"she takes good care of her man"

7.an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent)"the army will make a man of you"

8.the generic use of the word to refer to any human being"it was every man for himself"

9.a male subordinate"the chief stationed two men outside the building" "he awaited word from his man in Havana"

10.someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force"two men stood sentry duty"

11.a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer"Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man"

12.an enlisted man of the lowest rank in the Army or Marines"our prisoner was just a private and knew nothing of value"

Man (n.)

1.one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea

man (v. trans.)

1.provide with workers"We cannot man all the desks" "Students were manning the booths"

2.take charge of a certain job; occupy a certain work place"Mr. Smith manned the reception desk in the morning"

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Merriam Webster

ManMan (măn), n.; pl. Men (mĕn). [AS. mann, man, monn, mon; akin to OS., D., & OHG. man, G. mann, Icel. maðr, for mannr, Dan. Mand, Sw. man, Goth. manna, Skr. manu, manus, and perh. to Skr. man to think, and E. mind. √104. Cf. Minx a pert girl.]
1. A human being; -- opposed to beast.

These men went about wide, and man found they none,
But fair country, and wild beast many [a] one.
R. of Glouc.

The king is but a man, as I am; the violet smells to him as it doth to me. Shak.

'Tain't a fit night out for man nor beast! W. C. Fields

2. Especially: An adult male person; a grown-up male person, as distinguished from a woman or a child.

When I became a man, I put away childish things. I Cor. xiii. 11.

Ceneus, a woman once, and once a man. Dryden.

3. The human race; mankind.

And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness, and let them have dominion. Gen. i. 26.

The proper study of mankind is man. Pope.

4. The male portion of the human race.

Woman has, in general, much stronger propensity than man to the discharge of parental duties. Cowper.

5. One possessing in a high degree the distinctive qualities of manhood; one having manly excellence of any kind. Shak.

This was the noblest Roman of them all . . . the elements
So mixed in him that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world “This was a man!”
Shak.

6. An adult male servant; also, a vassal; a subject.

Like master, like man. Old Proverb.

The vassal, or tenant, kneeling, ungirt, uncovered, and holding up his hands between those of his lord, professed that he did become his man from that day forth, of life, limb, and earthly honor. Blackstone.

7. A term of familiar address at one time implying on the part of the speaker some degree of authority, impatience, or haste; as, Come, man, we 've no time to lose! In the latter half of the 20th century it became used in a broader sense as simply a familiar and informal form of address, but is not used in business or formal situations; as, hey, man! You want to go to a movie tonight?. [Informal]

8. A married man; a husband; -- correlative to wife.

I pronounce that they are man and wife. Book of Com. Prayer.

every wife ought to answer for her man. Addison.

9. One, or any one, indefinitely; -- a modified survival of the Saxon use of man, or mon, as an indefinite pronoun.

A man can not make him laugh. Shak.

A man would expect to find some antiquities; but all they have to show of this nature is an old rostrum of a Roman ship. Addison.

10. One of the piece with which certain games, as chess or draughts, are played.

Man is often used as a prefix in composition, or as a separate adjective, its sense being usually self-explaining; as, man child, man eater or maneater, man-eating, man hater or manhater, man-hating, manhunter, man-hunting, mankiller, man-killing, man midwife, man pleaser, man servant, man-shaped, manslayer, manstealer, man-stealing, manthief, man worship, etc.

Man is also used as a suffix to denote a person of the male sex having a business which pertains to the thing spoken of in the qualifying part of the compound; ashman, butterman, laundryman, lumberman, milkman, fireman, repairman, showman, waterman, woodman. Where the combination is not familiar, or where some specific meaning of the compound is to be avoided, man is used as a separate substantive in the foregoing sense; as, apple man, cloth man, coal man, hardware man, wood man (as distinguished from woodman).

Man ape (Zoöl.), a anthropoid ape, as the gorilla. -- Man at arms, a designation of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries for a soldier fully armed. -- Man engine, a mechanical lift for raising or lowering people through considerable distances; specifically (Mining), a contrivance by which miners ascend or descend in a shaft. It consists of a series of landings in the shaft and an equal number of shelves on a vertical rod which has an up and down motion equal to the distance between the successive landings. A man steps from a landing to a shelf and is lifted or lowered to the next landing, upon which he them steps, and so on, traveling by successive stages. -- Man Friday, a person wholly subservient to the will of another, like Robinson Crusoe's servant Friday. -- Man of straw, a puppet; one who is controlled by others; also, one who is not responsible pecuniarily. -- Man-of-the earth (Bot.), a twining plant (Ipomœa pandurata) with leaves and flowers much like those of the morning-glory, but having an immense tuberous farinaceous root. -- Man of sin (Script.), one who is the embodiment of evil, whose coming is represented (2 Thess. ii. 3) as preceding the second coming of Christ. [A Hebraistic expression] -- Man of war. (a) A warrior; a soldier. Shak. (b) (Naut.) See in the Vocabulary. (c) See Portuguese man-of-war under man-of-war and also see Physalia. -- Man-stopping bullet (Mil.), a bullet which will produce a sufficient shock to stop a soldier advancing in a charge; specif., a small-caliber bullet so modified as to expand when striking the human body, producing a severe wound which is also difficult to treat medically. Types of bullets called hollow-nosed bullets, soft-nosed bullets and hollow-point bullets are classed as man-stopping. The dumdum bullet or dumdum is another well-known variety. Such bullets were originally designed for wars with savage tribes. -- To be one's own man, to have command of one's self; not to be subject to another.

ManMan (măn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manned (mănd); p. pr. & vb. n. Manning.]
1. To supply with men; to furnish with a sufficient force or complement of men, as for management, service, defense, or the like; to guard; as, to man a ship, boat, or fort.

See how the surly Warwick mans the wall ! Shak.

They man their boats, and all their young men arm. Waller.

2. To furnish with strength for action; to prepare for efficiency; to fortify. “Theodosius having manned his soul with proper reflections.” Addison.

3. To tame, as a hawk. [R.] Shak.

4. To furnish with a servant or servants. [Obs.] Shak.

5. To wait on as a manservant. [Obs.] Shak.

☞ In “Othello,” V. ii. 270, the meaning is uncertain, being, perhaps: To point, to aim, or to manage.

To man a yard (Naut.), to send men upon a yard, as for furling or reefing a sail. -- To man the yards (Naut.), to station men on the yards as a salute or mark of respect.

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Definition (more)

definition of Wikipedia

Synonyms

See also

Phrases

A'man • Black man • Fall of Man • Man (Taxonomy) • Man's Role • Man, Modern • Man-Machine Systems • Man-hour • big man • black man • city man • common man • dead man • family man • head man • hit man • holy man • ice-cream man • life-of-man • make-up man • man Friday • man about town • man and wife • man hour • man in the street • man jack • man of action • man of affairs • man of breeding • man of deeds • man of genius • man of law • man of learning • man of letters • man of means • man of property • man of the cloth • man of the world • man portable • man to man • man's body • man's clothing • man's man • man-about-town • man-at-arms • man-child • man-eater • man-eating • man-eating shark • man-hunt • man-made • man-made disaster • man-made fertiliser • man-made fertilizer • man-made fiber • man-made fibre • man-made lake • man-of-the-earth • man-of-war • man-of-war bird • man-on-a-horse • man-portable • man-sized • man-to-man • man-to-man marking • medical man • military man • mountain man • no man's land • no-man's-land • old man • old man of the mountain • one-man • one-man rule • party man • point man • red man • right-hand man • service man • straight man • tax man • to a man • white man • white-man's foot • wild man • working man • yellow man • young man

Analogical dictionary


Man (n.)

archipelago[Classe...]

island[Hyper.]

England - Irish Sea[Situé]

British Isles[Desc]


man (n.)

amant (homme) (fr)[Classe]

man[ClasseHyper.]




man (n.)

pièce d'un jeu (fr)[ClasseHyper.]














Wikipedia

Man (disambiguation)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from MAN)
Jump to: navigation, search

A man is a male human.

  • Depending on the context Man and its irregular Germanic plural Men may be used irrespective of age, or as an opposite to boy (in its normal sense restricted to male minors) only for adult men.
  • The same word can also be used irrespective of sex, especially in scientific and poetic language; see Man (word) for etymology:
    • Human, humans considered as a species
    • Homo (genus), humans and their close relatives considered as a genus
  • First man or woman, found in mythical traditions of human origins
  • The Man, derisive slang phrase used to describe higher authority
  • Man, a (mainly US origin) term of exasperation

Man and in some cases Men may refer to:

  • In Celtic mythology, the sea god Manannan

Geographical

Acronyms

Other

See also

Man

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
A 22-year-old man.
Symbol of the planet/Roman god Mars , also used to indicate the male sex among animals that reproduce sexually.

A man is a male human. The term man (irregular plural: men) is used for an adult human male, while the term boy is the usual term for a human male child or adolescent human male. However, man is sometimes used to refer to humanity as a whole. Sometimes it is also used to identify a male human, regardless of age, as in phrases such as "Men's rights".

The term "manhood" is used to refer to the various qualities and characteristics attributed to men such as strength and male sexuality.[1]

Contents

Etymology

The term man is derived from Old English man, meaning "person". The Old English form was usually not gender-specific, except when it meant "soldier" or similar. It could also be used in specifically feminine contexts; for example, English woman is derived from Old English wifman meaning "female person". Old English used a different word, wer, to mean "man".

The Old English form is derived from Proto-Germanic *mannaz, "person", which is also the etonym of German Mann "man, husband" and man "one" (pronoun), Old Norse maðr, and Gothic manna. According to Tacitus, the mythological progenitor of the Germanic tribes was called Mannus. The Germanic form is in turn derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *manu-s "man, person", which is also the root of the Indian name Manu, mythological progenitor of the Hindus. Linguists suspect this in turn is connected with a different PIE root, *men-, meaning "to think", which is also the source of English mean, German Minne ("love"), and the Latin words from which English has borrowed mental, mind and remember. [2]

Age and terminology

The term manhood is used to describe the period in a human male's life after he has transitioned from boyhood, having passed through puberty, usually having attained male secondary sexual characteristics, and symbolises a male's coming of age. The word man is used to mean any adult male. In English-speaking countries, many other words can also be used to mean an adult male such as guy, dude, buddy, bloke, fellow, chap and sometimes boy or lad, such as boys' night out. The term manhood is associated with masculinity and virility, which refer to male qualities and male gender roles.

Biology and gender

Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man displays the proportions of a man.[3]

Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability, although most of these characteristics do have a role in sexual attraction. Most expressions of sexual dimorphism in humans are found in height, weight, and body structure, though there are always examples that do not follow the overall pattern. For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species.

Some examples of male secondary sexual characteristics in humans, those acquired as boys become men or even later in life, are:

Sexual characteristics

In humans, the sex of an individual is generally determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. If a sperm cell carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be female (XX); if a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be male (XY). Persons whose anatomy or chromosomal makeup differ from this pattern are referred to as intersex.

This is referred to as the XY sex-determination system and is typical of most mammals, but quite a few other sex-determination systems exist, including some that are non-genetic.

The term primary sexual characteristics denotes the kind of gamete the gonad produces: the ovary produces egg cells in the female, and the testis produces sperm cells in the male. The term secondary sexual characteristics denotes all other sexual distinctions that play indirect roles in uniting sperm and eggs. Secondary sexual characteristics include everything from the specialized male and female features of the genital tract, to the brilliant plumage of male birds or facial hair of humans, to behavioral features such as courtship.

Biological factors are not sufficient determinants of whether a person considers themselves a man or is considered a man. Intersex individuals, who have physical and/or genetic features considered to be mixed or atypical for one sex or the other, may use other criteria in making a clear determination. There are also transgender or transsexual men, who were born or physically assigned as female at birth, but identify as men; there are varying social, legal and individual definitions with regard to these issues. (See transman.)

Reproductive system

Human male reproductive anatomy and surroundings.

The male sex organs are part of the reproductive system, consisting of the penis, testicles, vas deferens, and the prostate gland. The male reproductive system's function is to produce semen which carries sperm and thus genetic information that can unite with an egg within a woman. Since sperm that enters a woman's uterus and then fallopian tubes goes on to fertilize an egg which develops into a fetus or child, the male reproductive system plays no necessary role during the gestation. The concept of fatherhood and family exists in human societies. The study of male reproduction and associated organs is called andrology.

Karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining. Human males typically possess an XY combination.

Sex hormones

In mammals, the hormones that influence sexual differentiation and development are androgens (mainly testosterone), which stimulate later development of the ovary. In the sexually undifferentiated embryo, testosterone stimulates the development of the Wolffian ducts, the penis, and closure of the labioscrotal folds into the scrotum. Another significant hormone in sexual differentiation is the Anti-müllerian hormone, which inhibits development of the Müllerian ducts.

Illnesses

In general, men suffer from many of the same illnesses as women. In comparison to women, men suffer from slightly more illnesses.[citation needed] Male life expectancy is slightly lower than female life expectancy, although the difference has narrowed in recent years.

For males during puberty, testosterone, along with gonadotropins released by the pituitary gland, stimulates spermatogenesis, along with the full sexual distinction of a human male from a human female, while women are acted upon by estrogens and progesterones to produce their sexual distinction from the human male.

Masculinity

Michelangelo's David is the classical image of youthful male beauty in Western art.

Enormous debate in Western societies has focused on perceived social, intellectual, or emotional differences between women and men. These differences are very difficult to quantify for both scientific and political reasons, though they tend to have a high expectancy for men.

Masculinity has its roots in genetics (see gender).[4][5] Therefore while masculinity looks different in different cultures, there are common aspects to its definition across cultures.[6] Sometimes gender scholars will use the phrase "hegemonic masculinity" to distinguish the most dominant form of masculinity from other variants. In the mid-twentieth century United States, for example, John Wayne might embody one form of masculinity, while Albert Einstein might be seen as masculine, but not in the same "hegemonic" fashion.

Machismo is a form of masculine culture. It includes assertiveness or standing up for one's rights, responsibility, selflessness, general code of ethics, sincerity, and respect.[7]

Anthropology has shown that masculinity itself has social status, just like wealth, race and social class. In western culture, for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status. Many English words such as virtue and virile (from the Latin and Sanskrit roots vir meaning man) reflect this.[8][9] An association with physical and/or moral strength is implied. Masculinity is associated more commonly with adult men than with boys.

A great deal is now known about the development of masculine characteristics. The process of sexual differentiation specific to the reproductive system of Homo sapiens produces a female by default. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome, however, interferes with the default process, causing a chain of events that, all things being equal, leads to testes formation, androgen production and a range of both natal and post-natal hormonal effects covered by the terms masculinization or virilization. Because masculinization redirects biological processes from the default female route, it is more precisely called defeminization.

There is an extensive debate about how children develop gender identities.

In many cultures displaying characteristics not typical to one's gender may become a social problem for the individual. Among men, some non-standard behaviors may be considered a sign of homosexuality, while a girl who exhibits masculine behavior is more frequently dismissed as a "tomboy". Within sociology such labeling and conditioning is known as gender assumptions and is a part of socialization to better match a culture's mores. The corresponding social condemnation of excessive masculinity may be expressed in terms such as "machismo" or "testosterone poisoning."

The relative importance of the roles of socialization and genetics in the development of masculinity continues to be debated. While social conditioning obviously plays a role, it can also be observed that certain aspects of the masculine identity exist in almost all human cultures.

The historical development of gender role is addressed by such fields as behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology, human ecology and sociobiology. All human cultures seem to encourage the development of gender roles, through literature, costume and song. Some examples of this might include the epics of Homer, the King Arthur tales in English, the normative commentaries of Confucius or biographical studies of the prophet Muhammad. More specialized treatments of masculinity may be found in works such as the Bhagavad Gita or bushido's Hagakure.

Characteristics

Janet Saltzman Chafetz (1974, 35-36) describes seven areas of masculinity in general culture:

  1. Physicalvirile, athletic, strong, brave. Unconcerned about appearance and aging;
  2. Functional — provider for family, defender of family from physical threat;
  3. Sexual — sexually aggressive, experienced. Single status acceptable;
  4. Emotional — unemotional, stoic, never crying;
  5. Intellectuallogical, intellectual, rational, objective, practical;
  6. Interpersonal — leader, dominating; disciplinarian; independent, free, individualistic; demanding;
  7. Other Personal Characteristics — success-oriented, ambitious, aggressive, competitive, proud, egotistical, moral, trustworthy; decisive, uninhibited, adventurous.

None of these personality traits have been supported by scientific research[citation needed].

A number of the above stereotypes were not perceived in the same way as today (i.e., their applications to particular aspects and spheres of life, such as work vs. home) until the 19th century, beginning with industrialization.[citation needed]

Culture and gender roles

Pope Benedict XVI is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, a position that is reserved for men only.

Well into prehistoric culture, men are believed to have assumed a variety of social and cultural roles which are likely similar across many groups of humans. In hunter-gatherer societies, men were often if not exclusively responsible for all large game killed, the capture and raising of most or all domesticated animals, the building of permanent shelters, the defense of villages, and other tasks where the male physique and strong spatial-cognition were most useful. Some anthropologists believe that it may have been men who led the Neolithic Revolution and became the first pre-historical ranchers, as a possible result of their intimate knowledge of animal life.

Throughout history, the roles of men have changed greatly. As societies have moved away from agriculture as a primary source of jobs, the emphasis on male physical ability has waned. Traditional gender roles for working men typically involved jobs emphasizing moderate to hard manual labor (see Blue-collar worker), often with no hope for increase in wage or position. For poorer men among the working classes the need to support their families, especially during periods of industrial change and economic decline, forced them to stay in dangerous jobs working long arduous hours, often without retirement. Many industrialized countries have seen a shift to jobs which are less physically demanding, with a general reduction in the percentage of manual labor needed in the work force (see White-collar worker). The male goal in these circumstances is often of pursuing a quality education and securing a dependable, often office-environment, source of income.

United States Presidents George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Jimmy Carter. All United States Presidents have so far been men.

The Men's Movement is in part a struggle for the recognition of equality of opportunity with women, and for equal rights irrespective of gender, even if special relations and conditions are willingly incurred under the form of partnership involved in marriage. The difficulties of obtaining this recognition are due to the habits and customs recent history has produced. Through a combination of economic changes and the efforts of the feminist movement in recent decades, men in some societies now compete with women for jobs that traditionally excluded women. Some larger corporations have instituted tracking systems to try to ensure that jobs are filled based on merit and not just on traditional gender selection. Assumptions and expectations based on sex roles both benefit and harm men in Western society (as they do women, but in different ways) in the workplace as well as on the topics of education, violence, health care, politics, and fatherhood - to name a few. Research has identified anti-male sexism in some areas (a concept which must be distinguished and differentiated from the traditional anti-female sexism in its ubiquity and impact) which can result in what appear to be unfair advantages given to women.

The Parsons model was used to contrast and illustrate extreme positions on gender roles. Model A describes total separation of male and female roles, while Model B describes the complete dissolution of barriers between gender roles.[10] The examples are based on the context of the culture and infrastructure of the United States. However, these extreme positions are rarely found in reality; actual behavior of individuals is usually somewhere between these poles. The most common 'model' followed in real life in the United States and Great Britain is the 'model of double burden'.

Exclusively male roles

Some positions and titles are reserved for men only. For example, the position of Pope in the Roman Catholic Church is reserved for men only, as is its priesthood. Men are often given priority for the position of monarch (King in the case of a man) of a country, as it usually passes to the eldest male child upon succession.

See also

Further reading

  • Andrew Perchuk, Simon Watney, Bell Hooks, The Masculine Masquerade: Masculinity and Representation, MIT Press 1995
  • Pierre Bourdieu, Masculine Domination, Paperback Edition, Stanford University Press 2001
  • Robert W. Connell, Masculinities, Cambridge : Polity Press, 1995
  • Warren Farrell, The Myth of Male Power Berkley Trade, 1993 ISBN 0-425-18144-8
  • Michael Kimmel (ed.), Robert W. Connell (ed.), Jeff Hearn (ed.), Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities, Sage Publications 2004

References

  1. ^ http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/manhood?view=uk
  2. ^ Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, I, 700; I, 726-8.
  3. ^ The Vitruvian man
  4. ^ John Money, 'The concept of gender identity disorder in childhood and adolescence after 39 years', Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 20 (1994): 163-77.
  5. ^ Laura Stanton and Brenna Maloney, 'The Perception of Pain', Washington Post, 19 December 2006.
  6. ^ Donald Brown, Human Universals
  7. ^ Mirande, Alfredo (1997). Hombres y Machos: Masculinity and Latino Culture, p.72-74. ISBN 0-8133-3197-8.
  8. ^ "Virtue (2009)". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virtue. Retrieved 2009-06-08. 
  9. ^ "Virile (2009)". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virile. Retrieved 2009-06-08. 
  10. ^ Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.

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