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frontier (n.)
1.an undeveloped field of study; a topic inviting research and development"he worked at the frontier of brain science"
2.an international boundary or the area (often fortified) immediately inside the boundary
3.a wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country"the individualism of the frontier in Andrew Jackson's day"
4.a line that indicates a boundary
5.the greatest possible degree of something"what he did was beyond the bounds of acceptable behavior" "to the limit of his ability"
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Merriam Webster
FrontierFron"tier (?), n. [F. frontière, LL. frontaria. See Front.]
1. That part of a country which fronts or faces another country or an unsettled region; the marches; the border, confine, or extreme part of a country, bordering on another country; the border of the settled and cultivated part of a country; as, the frontier of civilization.
2. (Fort.) An outwork. [Obs.]
Palisadoes, frontiers, parapets. Shak.
FrontierFron"tier, a.
1. Lying on the exterior part; bordering; conterminous; as, a frontier town.
2. Of or relating to a frontier. “Frontier experience.” W. Irving.
FrontierFron"tier, v. i. To constitute or form a frontier; to have a frontier; -- with on. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.
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⇨ definition of Wikipedia
frontier (adj.)
frontier (n.)
border, borderline, bound, boundary, boundary line, delimitation, dividing line, edge, limit, mete, verge, bourn (old)
frontier (n.) (ellipsis)
borderland, frontier zone, border (ellipsis), border area (American), border zone (British)
See also
⇨ Last Frontier • Triple Frontier • cross-frontier data flow • delivered at frontier • external frontier of the Community • external frontier of the European Union • free-at-frontier price • frontier guard • frontier migration • frontier region • frontier settlement • frontier worker • frontier zone • inhabitant of the frontier zone • internal Community frontier • linguistic frontier
⇨ external frontier of the Community • frontier migration • frontier region • frontier worker • internal Community frontier
⇨ 12th Frontier Force Regiment • 13th Frontier Force Rifles • 20FF – 20th Frontier Force • Alaskan Sea Frontier • American frontier • Army on the Frontier • Bagh, North-West Frontier Province • Banat Military Frontier • Battle Frontier • Battle Frontier (Pokémon Emerald) • Blue Frontier • Boi, North-West Frontier Province • Cheyenne Frontier Days • Cheyenne Frontier Days Old West Museum • Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province • Cold Frontier • Colt Frontier Six-Shooter • Croatian Military Frontier • DC New Frontier • Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier • Digimon Frontier • Digimon Frontier plot summary • Digimon frontier • E Frontier • Eastern Sea Frontier • Electric Frontier Foundation • Electric frontier foundation • Electronic Frontier Finland • Final Frontier • First Frontier • Freedom's Frontier National Heritage Area • Frontier (computer game) • Frontier (disambiguation) • Frontier (grid computing platform) • Frontier (pinball) • Frontier Airlines • Frontier Airlines (1950–1986) • Frontier Airlines Holdings • Frontier Airlines destinations • Frontier Airport • Frontier Cavalry • Frontier Central School District • Frontier Circus • Frontier City • Frontier Closed Area • Frontier College • Frontier Colony • Frontier Communications • Frontier Community College • Frontier Conference • Frontier Corps • Frontier County, Nebraska • Frontier Crimes Regulations • Frontier Culture Museum of Virginia • Frontier Days • Frontier Days (album) • Frontier Days (rodeo) • Frontier Doctor • Frontier Drum and Bugle Corps • Frontier Fiesta • Frontier Force Regiment • Frontier High School • Frontier High School (Bakersfield, California) • Frontier High School (New York) • Frontier House • Frontier JetExpress • Frontier Justice (TV series) • Frontier Lands • Frontier League • Frontier Marshal • Frontier Marshal (1934 film) • Frontier Marshal (1939 film) • Frontier Middle School shooting • Frontier Missions • Frontier No. 19, Saskatchewan • Frontier Nursing Service • Frontier Oil • Frontier Organic Research Farm Botanical Garden • Frontier Psychiatrist • Frontier Records • Frontier Route • Frontier School of Midwifery and Family Nursing • Frontier School of the Bible • Frontier Thesis • Frontier Trail Junior High School • Frontier Village • Frontier Wire (Libya) • Frontier Works • Frontier Worlds • Frontier Wrestling Alliance • Frontier justice • Frontier markets • Frontier myth • Frontier of Dreams • Frontier(s) • Frontier, North Dakota • Frontier, Saskatchewan • Frontier, Wyoming • Fryderyk Frontier • Gateway to the Savage Frontier • Government of the North-West Frontier Province • Governor of the North-West Frontier Province • Grant-Frontier Park • Gun Frontier • Hawaiian Sea Frontier • Hiden Frontier • History of North-West Frontier Province • Jarral, North-West Frontier Province • Kings of the High Frontier • Kings of the Wild Frontier • Kohistan District, North West Frontier Province • Langra, North-West Frontier Province • Last Frontier Council • Last Frontier Theatre Conference • Lilo Training Detachment of Frontier Troops • List of Digimon Frontier episodes • List of Governors of the North-West Frontier Province • List of characters in Digimon Frontier • List of cities in North-West Frontier Province • Lora, North-West Frontier Province • Lost Frontier Mini-Railway • Macross Frontier • Man of the Frontier • Military Frontier • Minister for States and Frontier Regions • Ministry of States and Frontier Regions • Mirpur, North-West Frontier Province • Monster Hunter Frontier • Moses Brothers Self-Defense Engine Frontier Model B • Nambal, North-West Frontier Province • Nara, North-West Frontier Province • New Frontier • New Frontier (comics) • New Frontier (disambiguation) • New Frontier Party • New Jersey Frontier Guard • Niagara Frontier • Niagara Frontier Publications • Niagara Frontier Review • Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority • Nissan Frontier • Non-regulation South-West Frontier • North East Frontier Agency • North West Frontier • North West Frontier (film) • North west frontier province • North-East Frontier Agency • North-West Frontier Province • North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955) • North-West Frontier Province cricket team • North-West Frontier States Agency • Northeast Frontier Agency • Office of Frontier Security • On the Frontier • Panama Sea Frontier • Philippine Sea Frontier • Pokémon Battle Frontier • Production-possibility frontier • Provincial Assembly of the North-West Frontier Province • Railroad Museum of the Niagara Frontier • Royal West African Frontier Force • Savage Frontier • Sea Frontier • Shot in the Frontier • Slavonian Military Frontier • South-West Frontier • Space Frontier Foundation • Special Frontier Force • Star Trek Hidden Frontier • Stellar Frontier • Strange Frontier • Tasogare Frontier • The Final Frontier (album) • The Forgotten Frontier • The Frontier • The Frontier (Hong Kong) • The Frontier (film) • The Frontier Post • The Frontier Trail • The Last Frontier • The Last Frontier (TV series) • The Last Frontier (novel) • The Last Frontier (serial) • The Lawless Frontier • The Moving Frontier • The New Frontier (album) • The New Frontier (film) • The Savage Frontier • The Wild Frontier • Treasures of the Savage Frontier • Triple Frontier • Twilight Frontier • U.S. Sea Frontier • USS Frontier (AD-25) • Ube Frontier University • Ulmus 'Frontier' • Upper Sind Frontier District • Western Sea Frontier • Wild Frontier
frontier (n.) [ellipsis]
frontier (n.)
frontier (n.)
frontier; verge; edge; bourn; border; boundary[ClasseHyper.]
bound, boundary, bounds[Hyper.]
frontier (n.)
wild, wilderness[Hyper.]
frontier (n.)
Descripteurs EUROVOC (fr)[Thème]
frontier (n.)
frontier (n.)
Wikipedia
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010) |
A frontier is a political and geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary. It was absorbed into English from French in the 15th century, with the meaning "borderland"—the region of a country that fronts on another country (see also marches).
The word "frontier" also means a region at the edge of a settled area, especially in North American development. It is a transition zone where explorers, pioneers and settlers were arriving. That is, as pioneers moved into the "frontier zone", they were changed by the encounter.
That is what Frederick Jackson Turner called "the significance of the frontier". For example, Turner argued that, in United States' 1893, one change was that unlimited free land in this zone was available, and thus offered the psychological sense of unlimited of opportunity. This, in turn, had many consequences such as optimism, future orientation, shedding of restraints due to land scarcity, and wastefulness of natural resources.
Contents |
In the earliest days of European settlement of the Atlantic coast, the frontier was essentially any part of the forested interior of the continent lying beyond the fringe of existing settlements along the coast and the great rivers, such as the St. Lawrence, Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna River and James.
English, French, Spanish and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Only a few thousand French migrated to Canada. These habitants settled in villages along the St. Lawrence river, building communities that remained stable for long stretches, rather than leapfrogging west the way the Americans did. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and Mississippi River watersheds, as far as the Rocky Mountains, they did not usually settle down. Actual French settlement in these areas was limited to a few very small villages on the lower Mississippi and in the Illinois Country.[1] Likewise, the Dutch set up fur trading posts in the Hudson River valley, followed by large grants of land to patroons, who brought in tenant farmers that created compact, permanent villages. They did not push westward.[2]
In contrast, the English colonies generally pursued a more systematic policy of widespread settlement of the New World, for cultivation and exploitation of the land, which required the extension of European property rights to the new continent. The typical English settlements were quite compact and small—under a square mile. Conflict with the Native Americans arose out of political issues, i.e. who would rule. Early frontier areas east of the Appalachian Mountains included the Connecticut River valley.[3] The French and Indian Wars of the 1760s resulted in a complete victory for the British, who took over the French colonial territory west of the Appalachians to the Mississippi River. Americans began moving across the Appalachians into areas such the Ohio Country and the New River Valley.
Most of the frontier movement was east to west, but there were other directions as well. The frontier in New England lay to the north; in Nevada to the east; in Florida to the south. Throughout American history, the expansion of settlement was largely from the east to the west, and thus the frontier is often identified with "the west". On the Pacific Coast, settlement moved eastward. In New England, it moved north.
Following the victory of the United States in the American Revolutionary War and the signing Treaty of Paris in 1783, the United States gained formal, if not actual, control of the British lands west of the Appalachians. Many thousands of settlers, typified by Daniel Boone, had already reached Kentucky and Tennessee and adjacent areas. Some areas, such as the Virginia Military District and the Connecticut Western Reserve (both in Ohio), were used by the states as rewards to veterans of the war. How to formally include these new frontier areas into the nation was an important issue in the Continental Congress of the 1780s and was partly resolved by the Northwest Ordinance (1787). The Southwest Territory saw a similar pattern of settlement pressure.
For the next century, the expansion of the nation into these areas, as well as the subsequently acquired Louisiana Purchase, Oregon Country, and Mexican Cession, attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers. The question of whether the Kansas frontier would become "slave" or "free" was a spark of the American Civil War. In general before 1860, Northern Democrats promoted easy land ownership and Whigs and Southern Democrats resisted. The Southerners resisted Homestead Acts because it supported the growth of a free farmer population that might oppose slavery.
When the Republican Party came to power in 1860 they promoted a free land policy — notably the Homestead Act of 1862, coupled with railroad land grants that opened cheap (but not free) lands for settlers. In 1890, the frontier line had broken up (Census maps defined the frontier line as a line beyond which the population was under 2 persons per square mile).
The popular culture impact of the frontier was enormous, in dime novels, Wild West shows, and, after 1910, Western movies set on the frontier.
The American frontier was generally the most Western edge of settlements and typically more free-spirited in nature than the East because of its lack of social and political institutions. The idea that the frontier provided the core defining quality of the United States was elaborated by the historian Frederick Jackson Turner, who built his Frontier Thesis in 1893 around this notion.
A Canadian frontier thesis was developed by Canadian historians Harold Adams Innis and J. M. S. Careless. They emphasized the relationship between the center and periphery. Katerberg argues that "in Canada the imagined West must be understood in relation to the mythic power of the North." [Katerberg 2003] In Innis's 1930 work The Fur Trade in Canada, he expounded on what became known as the Laurentian thesis: that the most creative and major developments in Canadian history occurred in the metropolitan centers of central Canada and that the civilization of North America is the civilization of Europe. Innis considered place as critical in the development of the Canadian West and wrote of the importance of metropolitan areas, settlements, and indigenous people in the creation of markets. Turner and Innis continue to exert influence over the historiography of the American and Canadian Wests. The Quebec frontier showed little of the individualism or democracy that Turner ascribed to the American zone to the south. The Nova Scotia and Ontario frontiers were rather more democratic than the rest of Canada, but whether that was caused by the need to be self-reliant at the frontier itself, or the presence of large numbers of American immigrants is debated.
The Canadian political thinker Charles Blattberg has argued that such events ought to be seen as part of a process in which Canadians advanced a "border" as distinct from a "frontier" – from east to west. According to Blattberg, a border assumes a significantly sharper contrast between the civilized and the uncivilized since, unlike a frontier process, the civilizing force is not supposed to be shaped by that which it is civilizing. Blattberg criticizes both the frontier and border "civilizing" processes.
The pattern of settlement of the Canadian prairies began in 1896, when the American prairie states had already achieved statehood. Pioneers then headed north to the "Last Best West". Before settlers began to arrive, North-West Mounted Police were dispatched to the region. When settlers began to arrive, a system of law and order was already in place and the Dakota lawlessness for which the American "Wild West" was famed did not occur in Canada. Before settlers arrived, the federal government also sent teams of negotiators to meet with the Native peoples of the region. In a series of treaties, the basis for peaceful relations was established and the long wars with the Natives that occurred in the United States largely did not spread to Canada. Like their American counterparts, the Prairie provinces supported populist and democratic movements in the early 20th century.[4]
In the European Union, the frontier is a term used to describe the region beyond the expanding borders of the European Union itself. The E.U. has designated the countries surrounding it as part of the European Neighbourhood. This is a region of primarily less-developed countries, many of which aspire to become part of the E.U. Current applicants include Turkey and many small countries in the Balkans and South Caucasus. Romania and Bulgaria joined the E.U. in 2007. Proposals to admit Turkey have been debated but are now currently stalled, partly on the ground that Turkey is beyond Europe's historic frontier and it is yet to comply with the 35 point policy areas set out by the E.U. If all or most East European states become members, the frontier may be the boundaries with Russia and Turkey.
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