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Definition and meaning of elipsa

Definition

definition of Wikipedia

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Synonyms

See also

elipsa (n.)

eliptičen

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Phrases

Analogical dictionary

Wikipedia

Elipsa

Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije

Elipsa
Elipsa

Elípsa ali pákróg je v matematiki sklenjena ravninska krivulja ovalne oblike, pri kateri je vsota razdalj katerekoli točke od gorišč F1 in F2 stalna. Elipsa je ena od stožnic.

Vsebina

Slika

Na sliki so:

  • a velika polos,
  • b mala polos,
  • AB velika os (\overline{AB}=2a),
  • CD mala os (\overline{CD}=2b),
  • točke A, B, C in D so temena elipse in
  • F1 ter F2 pa gorišči elipse.

Gorišči sta od središča O oddaljeni za c=e \cdot a=\sqrt{a^2-b^2}. Če z r1 in r2 označimo razdalji od gorišč F1 in F2 do točke X na elipsi (modri črti) sta njuni dolžini r1 = aex in r2 = a + ex, tako da velja r1 + r2 = 2a

Parametrizacija

Če koordinatni osi sovpadata z osema elipse, je kanonična oblika enačba elipse:

\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}} + \frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}} = 1

parametrična oblika enačba elipse pa

x = a\,\cos t
y = b\,\sin t
0 \leq t < 2\pi

Izsrednost (ekscentričnost)

e = \frac{c}{a} = \frac{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}{a} = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}}

Polarne koordinate

r (1 + e \cos \theta) = l \,

Ploščina

S = \pi ab \,\! .

Obseg

O = 4aE(e)= 2 \pi a \left[1 -  \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 e^2 -  \left(\frac{1 \cdot 3}{2 \cdot 4}\right)^2 \frac{e^4}{3} - \left(\frac{1 \cdot 3 \cdot 5}{2 \cdot 4 \cdot 6}\right)^2 \frac{e^6}{5} - \cdots \right] \,\! ,

kjer je E(e) popolni eliptični integral druge vrste.

Ramanujanov približek iz leta 1914:

O \approx \pi \left[3(a+b) - \sqrt{(3a+b)(a+3b)}\right] \,\! .

Kvadratna forma

Če elipsa ni v središčni legi in je zavrtena, jo zapišemo s kvadratno formo:

ax^2 + 2bxy + cy^2 + dx + ey + f = 0 \,\! .

Če forma nima člena z xy, toraj b = 0, elipsa ni zavrtena:

ax^2 + cy^2 + dx + ey + f = 0 \,\! .

Če forma nima člena z x, toraj d = 0, elipsa ni premaknjena v smeri osi x:

ax^2 + cy^2 + ey + f = 0 \,\! .

Če forma nima člena z y, toraj e = 0, elipsa ni premaknjena v smeri osi y:

ax^2 + cy^2 + f = 0 \,\! .

Iz te forme se izpelje zgornja kanonična oblika.

Identifikacija

Če določena kvadratna forma predstavlja elipso, preverimo tako, da koeficiente forme vstavimo v matriki:

A=\begin{bmatrix} a & b & d \\ b & c & e \\ d & e & f \end{bmatrix}

in

B=\begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ b & c \end{bmatrix}

Forma predstavlja elipso natanko takrat, ko velja: |A| \ne 0,\quad |B|>0,\quad \frac{|A|}{a+c}<0

pri čemer je | A | = acf + 2bdefb2cd2ae2 in | B | = acb2

Središče elipse

Središče elipse je rešitev sistema enačb:

2ax+2by+d=0 \,\! ,
2bx + 2cy + e = 0 \,\! ,

z rešitvijo

x=\frac{-dc}{2b^2+2ac-be} \,\!
y=-\frac{e+2bx}{2c} \,\! .

Kot vrtenja

Kot za katerega je elipsa s poljubnim središčem zavrtena je

\varphi=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{ctg}^{-1}\left(\frac{c-a}{2b}\right). Če je b = 0 je \varphi=0^\circ

Glej tudi

  • elipsoid (trorazsežni analogon elipse)
  • sferoid (elipsoid, nastal kot vrtenina)
  • sploščen sferoid
  • superelipsa (posplošitev elipse, katere oblika je bolj podobna kvadratu)
  • hiperbola
  • parabola


Ta matematični članek je škrbina. Slovenski Wikipediji lahko pomagate tako, da ga dopolnite z vsebino.

 

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